Why I chose an apprenticeship with QA and Landmark

My journey started in the summer of 2013; I had just made what I felt to be one of the most important decisions of my life. I left university! It took a lot of time and thought before making my final decision. Bearing in mind I hadn’t got around to breaking the news to my parents, possibly one of the scariest things ever. I consulted with my elder brother and we came up with a plan of action. I have always had a clear vision of where I could see myself in the future; however the difficult part was choosing the best route to take.

I’ve always looked up to my brother and seen him as my first point call for information and advice, so we sought out to look at my various options. Full time work? Take a gap year? Both valid options but not necessarily the right for me. I was brought up to understand the value of education and its importance at any level, and I felt if I was learning whilst being given the opportunity to put in practice then I would benefit the most.  One of my main strengths is my ability to communicate and interact with different people especially as my previous role was working in Vodafone as a Sales Advisor. With my older brother working as a Business Development Manager, he works closely with sales professionals and says he can see similar attributes and urged me to pursue a career in sales.

That’s when I started to put some research into apprenticeships. Initially I wasn’t too keen on the idea, but after carefully weighing up the umpteen amount of pros vs cons it was a no brainer: no tuition fees, the support of a learning agency to search for a company on my behalf, the chance to earn whilst I learn, a qualification at the end and a vast array of different disciplines to choose from. I approached QA Apprenticeships with a positive attitude yearning to start my career in sales. They interviewed me and I passed the initial screening process, the next step was to find me an organisation to work in.

The first role that came up was in fact for Landmark Information Group and I attended the group interview welcomed by Greg Bryce, Commercial Director, Nicola Rogers and Rob Phillipson, Heads of Sales and representing the HR team Lynne Parker and Cristabel Noseda. We did a number of group activities throughout the day and was invited back for a formal one-to-one interview two weeks later. I managed to sell myself enough to be successful for the role as Account Executive.

My only qualm is I wish I was made aware sooner!

It’s safe to say I am thoroughly enjoying my first 6 months here at Landmark; welcomed with warm smiles every morning from the Customer Service team, challenged on daily basis to go above and beyond with the accounts that I manage and the constant requirement to remain up to date with industry activity. Zillah Goode, my line manager has also supported me greatly. Whether it be answering my constant barrage of question or coaching me on how to approach different clients.

I am incredibly proud to say that I work for Landmark Information Group, a company that is at the forefront of the property industry delivering intelligence and solutions that enable professionals to make informed decisions. . Nicola said something to me in my very first interview that has stuck with me ever since, because I feel exactly the same way: “When I first started, I didn’t think I would find maps SO interesting”.  . I believe having a genuine interest in your line of work with a clear vision of where it can take you is key in choosing your job, coupled with friendly staff and a good atmosphere you are destined for success; which has been pivotal in my first few months here at Landmark

Having so many role models within Landmark has also been a massive bonus. I have had the opportunity to sit and talk with different senior members of staff who I may not normally come into contact with. Discussing how they got into their roles and the kind of work they deal with. I even have a mentor – Mark Burnard, Senior Product Manager - who I regularly meet with to ask questions and to generally give me an insight into the other parts of the business.
I was also fortunate enough to attend Landmark’s flagship Risky Business conference at the Royal Institute of Civil Engineers back in November. I listened to key speakers discuss the current issues surrounding  environmental due diligence and witnessed the technology showcase where we debuted Envirocheck Analysis, Envirocheck Analysis Mobile and Augmented Reality. It was a real opportunity for me to network with both colleagues across the group as well as our customers.

Progression within my sales career is key and I feel joining Landmark has been a springboard start to my personal development and growth. I can certainly see myself staying with Landmark Information Group after my apprenticeship and I am excited to see what the future holds for me here. Watch out Account Managers…I’m coming for you!

Farouq Sulaiman
Account Executive

How to make the best bids to HCA

Webinar: Better HCA Bids with Inside Housing & Landmark Analytics

Friday 11 April – 11am – 12 noon

www.insidehousing.co.uk/hcawebinar

Inside Housing magazine is hosting a webinar that invites social housing providers to look at how to make the best possible bids for HCA funding. During the webinar, which is being run in conjunction with Landmark Analytics, speakers will also discuss how better information regarding a providers’ existing property portfolio can help underpin this process.

The rules to win HCA development funding have changed - landlords must now show they offer value for money.  During the webinar, delegates can hear from a senior HCA director on tips for great bids.  The webinar also provides an opportunity for delegates to learn how they can gather more intelligence about their existing homes and how this can ultimately help them better demonstrate their organisation’s value for money.

Speakers include:

•         Fiona MacGregor - Head of Affordable Housing at Homes and Communities Agency
•         Carole Oliver - Group Business Development Manager at Landmark Information Group
•       Phil Stephens - Development and Commercial Director at Sovereign Housing

Chaired By:       
        Martin Hilditch Acting Editor, Inside Housing

For FREE access to the webinar go to: www.insidehousing.co.uk/hcawebinar

Flood Repair and Renew Grants for homeowners and businesses

On 12^th February 2014, the Prime Minister announced a new scheme to provide grants of up to £5,000 to homeowners and businesses that had been flooded. The repair and renew grant is being provided to fund additional flood resilience or resistance measures for homes and businesses that have been flooded since 1^st December 2013.

This is a one-off scheme to cover needs arising from the flooding of winter 2013-14. Alongside this announcement the Government is continuing to work with the insurance industry to consider how resilient repair could be funded and targeted in the future in the context of developing proposals for Flood Re, the proposed solution for affordable flood insurance for domestic properties, in order to ensure that high-risk households are supported to prepare for severe weather and flooding in the future.

The grants go live on 1^st April 2014

The aim is that the application process should be simple. In the first instance, people should contact their local authority (usually the District Council) who will operate the scheme locally providing advice on how they will take it forward.

The grant is intended to cover the additional cost of making a property more resilient to flooding (that is, the amount above the cost of standard repairs that an insurance company will pay for) as it is reinstated. It is not to cover any losses by the householder, it is not compensation for being flooded nor is to cover the ‘excess’ element of an insurance policy. Furthermore, the grant will not cover repairs to annexes, outhouses, garages or other such buildings. 

The application form will have a list of suggested measures.  People may find it useful to consult their insurer/loss adjuster as they start the repair process to see what type of additional work could be combined with the standard repairs that the insurer is funding.

If this is not possible, the Property Protection Adviser or the National Flood Forum will give an indication of the type and costs or measures people could install and they should use this when they submit their application to the local authority. For more advice, the ‘Homeowners Guide to Flood Resilience’, developed by the Know Your Flood Risk Campaign, will give you a full list of the range of products available coupled with useful case studies. It is well worth visiting the Flood Protection Association website which contains a list of approved members who supply and fit flood protection products.

For terraced property and in other situations where it is beneficial to do so, people may collaborate in how they use individual grants (consulting their Local Authority first) to protect their properties.

If people wish to have an independent survey prior to starting work to see what is necessary, or have the completed work validated for their insurer through a Flood Risk Report,  people are advised  to talk to the Local Authority before making any commitments.

 

Mary Dhonau, OBE

Chief Executive, Know Your Flood Risk campaign

Landmark takes part in the National Apprenticeship Week

With 11 great apprentices on board, Landmark carries out a number of supportive activities.
By Sarosh Khalid

National Apprenticeship Week (3-7 March) now in its seventh consecutive year, proposes to raise awareness around the successful scheme of apprenticeships and to help build a positive impact amongst employers, individuals, teachers, parents, media and the wider community. As most employers took turn in participating in this year’s National Apprenticeship week carrying out various activities, we also got a chance to showcase our Apprentices experiences, thought and values here at Landmark. In support of the positive scheme, Landmark Information Group has taken on 11 successful apprentices in various departments including Finance, Sales, Marketing, IT, Data and Customer Services to ensure the bright future for the younger generation.

Taking our turn in the National Apprentice Week, we took part in various shadowing activities across all offices including Exeter and Reading and delivered great insights into the working ways of Landmark.

Emily Stephens and Aidan Richards, both working in Exeter as Apprentices within the Finance department reported back how they felt about their shadowing activity and what they made of their day away from their desks. They looked at finance organisation charts and spoke about current job roles, what they did previously and what they would like to do in the future. Emily said: “The day was more interesting than I thought it would be! It’s really nice to see where my work comes into play with the rest of the team’s job roles”. The pair who are always so enthusiastic about working here at Landmark, summarised that the Shadowing activity helped them decide to go into future Finance and Management Accountant roles.

Whilst this took place, other apprentices sat in on meetings discussing their division and additional product knowledge. Jack Sheppard and Daniel Butler, both bright Systems Apprentices sat in with the CTO, Ian Clarke as they spoke with members of the recent acquisitions. Jack joined Landmark nearly a year ago in May 2013 and says: “I was eager to see how other aspects of the company operate and this meeting gave me the perfect opportunity to experience this”.

Similarly, to gain a better understanding of the company, we had Jay Cardona-Martin and Farouq Sulaiman travel up to Birmingham to take part in the Monthly Sales meeting with all the regional account managers. Jay and Farouq, both Sales Apprentices primarily working in Environment & Mapping had the opportunity to listen in on product development aspects and understand the pre-planning and level of detail that goes into all Landmark products within the Legal Division. Farouq felt he learnt a great deal more and said: “The amount of discussion and ideas in the meeting were brilliant. We understood the different approach needed for the clients in comparison to Environment & Mapping and became aware of what other activities that are taking place in terms of social media”.

Charlotte Smith and Aaron Manley, our newest Data apprentices joined Landmark early this year in January and have comfortably settled in with their teams. They shadowed Bob Maskell, Customer Service Manager, as he gave them background information on the company and slightly more insight on Landmark Solutions. Charlotte said: “We learnt that Landmark sell historic maps and an Act that was introduced in 1976 actually kicked off Landmark selling maps”. As Charlotte and Aaron understood the ground commitments of their area they were also being informed about the different contracts they will be dealing with.

I went into London to attend the Voice of Apprenticeships Conference to see how the status of apprenticeships could be changed. I came across some very powerful ideas and left with Matthews Hancock’s statement: “The best people to talk about apprenticeships are apprentices themselves”. The conference allowed me to voice my opinions on apprenticeship with other apprentices within the room as we collectively addressed all issues.

As the National Apprentice Week came to an end, we heard back from all apprentices about how they felt in their roles and received excellent feedback. Jack said: “Overall I would rate the experience highly as it gave me a greater understanding into how different businesses achieve their goals” along with Aaron: “Thank you Bob for his time and the organisers of the day as it was a fantastic opportunity to learn more about our company and its day to day organisation”.

In return it was great to hear that Landmark values its apprentices’ contributions. As much as we think we are learning from them, Landmark learns from us every day, as Ian Clarke, Chief Technology Officer, eloquently stated “For me, it’s about finding and developing talent and giving people an opportunity.”

It’s raining sinkholes!

Whether or not you believe that climate change is occurring, the last decade or so has shown some significant changes in rainfall patterns in the central and southern parts of the country. These changes have influenced ground instability resulting in the recent spate of “sinkholes” that occurred in February.

Looking back at the rainfall statistics (www.metoffice.gov.uk) it is apparent that since 2000 the mean annual rainfall figures in southern and central areas have increased. In the past there were some notable ground collapses in the early and mid 2000s when intensive rainstorms locally produced rainfall of over 50% to 100% higher than usual. Higher than average rainfall was also a feature of 2008 to 2010. By contrast 2011 was a much drier year than normal and this pattern continued into early 2012. During this time few ground collapses were taking place.

As 2012 progressed rainfall greatly increased from April onwards producing a wetter than average year. 2013 also started with average rainfall interspersed with drier months but got wetter during the autumn to winter period, continuing into the very wet months of January (>200% above average) and February (>270% above average) this year. The cumulative effect of the rainfall reflects the incidence rate of subsidence as follows:

·        - 7 subsidences in 12 months in 2012

·        - 17 subsidences in 12 months in 2013

·       - 13 subsidences in just 2 months in 2014

Size isn’t everything!

Fortunately in Britain ground collapse is rare and not as dramatic as examples from places like Florida, South Africa, Guatamala or China, but even so the holes can be reasonably large and dangerous. In late December a collapse over old mine workings at Foolow, Derbyshire produced a hole about 50m across and 40m deep. This occurred in a rural area but only endangered local sheep and walkers! By contrast a number of smaller holes that occurred further south in February caused alarm to residents and structural damage – fortunately none of it causing injury!

·         At Walter’s Ash, High Wycombe, a hole (circa 4.5m diameter, 9m deep) swallowed a VW Lupo car parked on the drive outside a house

·         At Upper Basildon, near Reading, a hole (circa 3m diameter, 3m deep) opened up beneath a car as it travelled along a driveway, but luckily the vehicle spanned across the hole allowing the family to get out safe

·         At Hemel Hempstead, another hole (circa 10m diameter, 6m deep) appeared below housing causing significant structural damage and evacuation of residents

·         At Nettlebed, Oxon, a fourth hole (circa 5m diameter, 6m deep) occurred within woodland, needing fencing off to secure it safely

·         At Gillingham, Kent, a large hole (4m diameter, 9m deep) formed within the grounds of a school

Since the collapses occurred some of the holes have been backfilled with foamed concrete to make them safe while ground investigations are carried out to determine their cause. Over 200m³ (or 20 concrete lorry loads) of foamed concrete were used to infill the holes at each of Hemel Hempstead and Gillingham.

What is a sinkhole?

Strictly speaking a sinkhole is a collapse of ground over a naturally formed void at depth. They occur where the ground below the surface has been dissolved away – they are typically found in areas underlain by chalk, limestone, gypsum and salt. In southern and eastern England, sinkholes are associated with areas where sand, gravel and clay layers overlie chalk. PBA is currently investigating and stabilising several sinkholes on chalk where structural damage has occurred in areas like Reading, Marlow, Maidenhead, Beaconsfield, the Chalfonts, Grays and Hertford. The recent collapse in Ripon, underlain by soluble gypsum, is another example of a sinkhole that caused significant structural damage.

However, many of the recently formed holes are suspected to have originated as a result of ground collapse over man-made voids in the ground i.e. mine workings. This type of collapse is referred to as a “crown hole”. There are large numbers of unrecorded historical mine workings across the country, liable to intermittent subsidence depending upon weather or leaking drains that reveal their presence each year. PBA is currently investigating possible mined ground and collapses at Gillingham, Nettlebed, Upper Basildon, Hemel Hempstead and Chalkhouse Green.

Solutions for sinkholes

After backfilling the sinkhole to prevent it enlarging either a series of exploratory holes are drilled into the ground at close centres around the feature or the surrounding ground can be surveyed using geophysics. Geophysical survey techniques that can be useful, subject to conditions, include microgravity, resistivity, conductivity and GPR. Depending upon the setting investigation techniques such as dynamic probing or rotary drilling may be used. The aim of the work is to be able to create a 3D ground model of the cause of the collapse at depth in order to design a suitable remedial stabilisation scheme. Remedial stabilisation techniques used from the surface can include grouting (using cement and/or resin), soil reinforcement (geogrid installation), piling, capping and excavation/replacement. Sometimes safe access into the collapsing void can be achieved and the infilling or reinforcement works can be carried out in situ.

What action should conveyancing solicitors take?

Given the potential impact on a property, ground instability risk is clearly something for which conveyancing solicitors should be checking as part of their due diligence process. Landmark’s environmental reports – both residential and commercial – all contain data from multiple sources (both manmade such as mining and underlying natural conditions) in order to provide a risk screening and next steps. For residential transactions, in the case of the premium SiteSolutions Residence report, a full ground stability risk assessment is included, whereas Homecheck Professional and Envirosearch will highlight risk and suggest the purchase of further, more detailed reports or potentially a surveyor visit should that be appropriate.

If you’d like more information on the risk reports, please contact Landmark Information Group on 0844 844 9966 or email helpdesk@landmark.co.uk

Blog prepared by Dr Clive Edmonds, Peter Brett Associates LLP, a leading specialist in the recording, investigation and stabilisation of geohazards and Landmark Information Group.

Understanding Groundwater and its role in flooding

What is groundwater and why is it a problem?

Rainfall runs off into rivers and the sea, evaporates, and percolates into permeable ground to recharge aquifers.  These processes are collectively known as the water cycle, and the part that flows underground is called groundwater.  It normally re-emerges at springs and into river beds and can keep the rivers flowing for months without rainfall.  It is clearly a slower moving part of the system, and flow through rocks is often a hundred times slower than surface flows.  It is better to think of flow through a permeable sponge rather than the popular conception of underground rivers or lakes, although in extreme cases such as karstic limestone groundwater may have dissolved channels to become fast flowing underground rivers, and the Chalk in England tends to have fast flow in fissures, which explains why Chalk areas suffer most of the UK’s highest groundwater flood risk.

After a large rainfall event we see surface water flood where it exceeds local drainage capacity and may pond for a short time, and also high river levels leading to flood plain inundation, but these will recede in a few hours or days.  Because groundwater moves so slowly the rainfall tends to accumulate over the winter months leading to seasonal peak levels in the spring and lows in the autumn (rainfall is actually distributed quite evenly through the year on average in Britain, and it is the low evaporation in the colder winter months that leaves more water for run off and recharge).  This means that groundwater flooding also generally peaks in the spring.

Under average conditions the zones where groundwater discharges to the surface or river channels are well defined, but after high rainfall the flows will emerge in different places to cause groundwater flooding.  Just as flows are slower than rivers, once flooding occurs it will recede a lot more slowly too, leading to flooding for far longer (3 months is not unusual).  It is harder to observe the processes that lead to groundwater flooding than those that happen on the surface, so uncertainties are significantly greater.  However, a reasonable understanding can be achieved once the available evidence is put into a coherent framework for how the system works (known as the conceptual model).

So, groundwater flooding occurs when sub-surface water emerges from the ground at the surface or into Made Ground and structures.  This may be as a result of persistent rainfall that recharges aquifers until they are full; or may be as a result of high river levels, or tides, driving water through near-surface deposits. Groundwater flooding is characterised by:

• Water flows to the surface or into basements, services ducts and other subsurface infrastructure rising up through floors or directly from the ground. This may be seen as diffuse seepage from the ground, as emergence of new springs or as an increase in spring flows
• Flooding may last a long time compared to surface water flooding, from weeks to months. Hence the amount of damage that is caused to property may be substantially higher. Likewise closures of access routes, roads, railways etc may be prolonged
• Flooding may occur with a delay following periods of high rainfall rather than immediately during storms
• Emergent groundwater tends to be clear and relatively clean compared to muddy fluvial flood waters, but contamination by sewers and brownfield sites poses additional hazards
• Groundwater flooding or a shallow water table prevents rainfall infiltration and increases the risk of surface water flooding.  This means that many surface floods are actually driven by groundwater conditions.  But consideration of surface water in isolation and lack of evidence for groundwater conditions leads to incorrect analysis of overall causes.

It is also important to understand that surface water, rivers, groundwater and other factors all interact in permeable catchments, contributing to overall flood risk.

Whilst groundwater flooding is generally less hazardous to human health than surface flooding, it is more hazardous to property producing 2 to 4 times the damage to building fabric and greater disruption to economic activity due to the longer duration of flood events. Also, the impact may be less about surface water depths or velocities and more about the extended saturation of the shallow subsurface with the following consequences:

1.            Damage to basements and other structures below ground

2.            Damage to infrastructure such as buried services and ducts

3.            Sewer flooding

4.            Water damage to property, cultural heritage, crops or sensitive habitats due to saturated conditions

5.            Leaching of contamination from brownfield sites and other sources of contamination

6.            Increased likelihood, intensity and duration of surface water flooding due to saturated ground conditions

7.            Increased cost of construction projects, which will need to incorporate preventive groundwater control measures to prevent what would otherwise cause harm.

This winter has seen the highest rainfall on record, leading to the highest groundwater levels and therefore record groundwater flooding and groundwater driven surface water flooding.  The Environment Agency has reported that 24% of flooding incidents are categorised as groundwater flooding.  Given that flooding will often appear as a surface event it is no surprise that groundwater flooding is under-reported, so the full extent of the problem will be bigger than this.  Furthermore, it is helpful to understand that groundwater will interact with the other parts of the water cycle described above so that flooding events will often have some groundwater component, and even where flooding may appear to be a simple result of the overtopping of a river bank, the consequences will be more severe in those parts of the flood plain that are permeable because of the longer time it will take for the flooding problems to recede.  For example, with the River Thames flooding events of February 2014 it is those areas such as the Chalk winterbournes, Oxford and Wraysbury where the consequences will tend to be excacerbated by long duration as the groundwater system slowly recedes.  Because risk is a combination of likelihood and consequences we can see that overall risk associated with the permeable parts of catchments will have higher risks, even if these are associated with river water driven events rather than pure groundwater emergence.

Current groundwater problems will continue for several months, but if we see a return to average rainfall from now on, the more extreme events will recede to more normal levels in a few weeks.  However, now that the system is ‘primed’, further wet periods will lead to more rapid groundwater flooding.  On the plus side, this year is giving us excellent data to further improve the models and future predictive capability!  With careful consideration of groundwater flooding risks it will be possible to plan better land development to avoid problems in the future. 

Landmark in partnership with ESI will be incorporating groundwater flood risk data into a wide range of its risk assessment reports including Homecheck Flood, Envirosearch Residential, SiteSolutions Residential, Sitecheck Combined, SiteSolutions Commerical and SiteSolutions Combined. 

ESI is building an extensive national database to help improve knowledge of groundwater flooding and we are keen to hear from you if you have any incident to report or information on where our map can be improved.   We are also pleased to help if you are facing groundwater flooding issues, and give a free initial consultation, so please do not hesitate to get in touch on markfermor@esinternational.com

Glossary of Terms

Groundwater is water that normally resides in the subsurface; it fills the pore spaces within rocks

Groundwater flooding is defined as the emergence of groundwater at the surface or into Made Ground or infrastructure away from perennial surface water bodies

An aquifer is a body of rock containing water that is sufficiently permeable to allow significant amounts of groundwater flow.  Principal aquifers in the UK are limestones (including Chalk) and sandstones

The water table is an irregular surface that generally resembles a gentler version of the overlying ground surface. It rises when recharge adds more water to the ground, and falls when drought reduces the recharge

Recharge is rainfall that has not been evaporated, used by plants or run off to streams; and has got through the soil zone into an aquifer

Permeability is a measure of how easily water can flow through a rock: aquifers are highly permeable, clays are not

Risk is defined (consistent with the Flood and Water Management Act 2010) as ‘a risk in respect of an occurrence assessed and expressed (as for insurance and scientific purposes) as a combination of the probability of the occurrence with its potential consequences. In each case the potential harmful consequences to be considered in assessing risk include, in particular, consequences for

(a)human health

(b)the social and economic welfare of individuals and communities

(c)infrastructure

(d)the environment (including cultural heritage).

Landmark’s data team solve latest OS mapping mystery

Celia Craven, a key part of Landmark’s data team, recently solved a mystery surrounding an unrecognised symbol on an OS map, alerted to us by one of our clients.  The symbol (※) seemed to have no objective reference in historic map legends and subsequent googling only lead to more misinformation. 

It seemed like there would be no resolution…until Celia got her hands on the mapping.

The mapping in the area is derived, as Mr Peter Hobby from Ordnance Survey informed Landmark, from multiple map sheets. Using this information, combined with the indication that these are hand-drawn annotations, Celia was able to analyse the area logically to and determined the potential nature of the symbol. The addition of line features to distinguish map sheets from one another was also useful in this instance, both as a visual aid and a significant clue.

If we consider the nature of surveying and the methods applied to this process (historically at least) we can hazard an informed guess that the symbols are indicators of field area values where only partial elements of the field were available to the surveyor.

An example of this is depicted below – the coloured partial field object contains the mystery symbol. The line cutting through the map indicates the boundary of a map-sheet.

The red polygon and the symbol (with associated value) conform to the measure of the field only as it’s depicted on the southernmost map-sheet.  Perhaps the surveyor at the time was not able to measure the full extent of the field and was only able to capture the extent of the field as it appeared on their map? We can’t say for certain - that’s just speculation on our behalf.

The northernmost map-sheet and its acreage value (2.971) is for the entire field. The shaded area value (1.198) is for only the field area available on the map-sheet.  Applying this logic to the other areas divided by the map-sheet line is also true.

The original query map corroborates this finding as it’s divided by four map-sheet divisions.  Here we can see a total field measure (3.914 acres) and the partial values in each map-sheet.

The south-western map sheet (from 1918) shows .388 and .128.

The south-eastern map sheet (from 1919) shows a total of 4.112 and a partial value of 2.728.

The north-western and north-eastern maps sheets were surveyed at the same time  (1923) so depict the same value of 3.914.

We can’t say for certain, but it seems the symbol represents a marker for a partial field measure.

Whilst some of us were excited at the prospect of X marking the spot Celia provided the balance of intelligence and logic that resolved the mystery. Whilst there is no buried treasure (seemingly) this minor revelation does indicate something previously hidden to us in the present, the ingenuity and diligence of mapping surveyors and the real-world work carried out by Ordnance Survey and their team of experts. These symbols were marked on maps by an individual, or group of individuals and the results of their work are still visible to this day.

 

 

 

 

 

At Landmark, we live and breathe data 24/7 – it’s our DNA after all. If you have any mysteries you need help solving, please contact one of the data team via askdata@landmarkinfo.co.uk.

Daniel Lewis-Carter

Data Information Co-Ordinator
Landmark Information Group